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Luke
1. Does the country have a specific organization that deals with natural/man made disasters?
2. Describe some of the worst disasters in this region over the last 100 years. What resulted from the experience?
3. What does the United Nations World Health Organization have to say about this area of the world? Specific threats to general health of the population?
4. What threats exist to the people from various disasters?
5. What is the death/injury toll from these disasters?
6. How does the population react toward (deal with) disasters?
Answer
The Great Kanto Earthquake, the worst in Japanese history, hit the Kanto plain around Tokyo in 1923 .The Japanese archipelago is located in an area where several continental and oceanic plates meet. This is the cause of frequent earthquakes and the presence of many volcanoes and hot springs across Japan. If earthquakes occur below or close to the ocean, they may trigger tidal waves (tsunami).
Historic earthquakes
Many parts of the country have experienced devastating earthquakes and tidal waves in the past. The Great Kanto Earthquake, the worst in Japanese history, hit the Kanto plain around Tokyo in 1923 and resulted in the deaths of over 100,000 people.
In January 1995 a strong earthquake hit the city of Kobe and surroundings. Known as the Southern Hyogo Earthquake or Great Hanshin Earthquake, it killed 6,000 and injured 415,000 people. 100,000 homes were completely destroyed and 185,000 were severely damaged.
Earthquake measurement
The Japanese "shindo" scale for measuring earthquakes is more commonly used in Japan than the Richter scale to describe earthquakes. Shindo refers to the intensity of an earthquake at a given location, i.e. what people actually feel at a given location, while the Richter scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake, i.e. the energy an earthquake releases at the epicenter.
The shindo scale ranges from shindo one, a slight earthquake felt only by people who are not moving, to shindo seven, a severe earthquake. Shindo two to four are still minor earthquakes that do not cause damage, while objects start to fall at shindo five, and heavier damage occurs at shindo six and seven.
Preparedness
Every household should keep a survival kit with a flashlight, a radio, a first aid kit and enough food and water to last for a few days. Avoid placing heavy objects in places where they could easily fall during an earthquake and cause injury or block exits. Have a fire extinguisher. Familiarize yourself with the designated evacuation area in your neighborhood.
During and after an earthquake
Falling objects, toppling furniture and panic present the greatest dangers during an earthquake. Try to protect yourself under a table or doorway. Do not run outside, and try to remain as calm as possible. If you are in the streets, try to find protection from glass and other objects that may fall from surrounding buildings.
After a strong earthquake, turn off ovens, stoves and the main gas valve. Then listen to the radio or television for news. In coastal areas beware of possible tidal waves (tsunami) while in mountainous areas beware of possible land slides.
http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2116.html ---------- Japan's earthquake watch ---
Japan holds regular earthquake drills http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3950315.stm
Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world, perched on top of several converging tectonic plates.
Geological instability causes around 1,000 tremors in the country each year, although many of these go undetected by the public.
Every time they do strike they are a reminder to the country's capital, Tokyo, that it is long overdue "a Big One".
The last major quake in the city was in 1923, and records suggest the geologically precarious Kanto region - where Tokyo in located - will experience one of a similar size about every 70 years.
The 1923 quake, known as the Great Kanto Earthquake, killed more than 100,000 people. Although building and safety standards have greatly improved since then, experts predict that a major quake in the capital could still kill several thousand people and shake the world's financial markets.
But Tokyo is not the only Japanese city at risk.
The 1995 quake in Kobe, western Japan, jolted those who had been focusing quake prevention efforts only on the Kanto area. The Great Hanshin Earthquake killed more than 6,400 people and injured more than 400,000 and was the most powerful tremor in the country since 1923. The devastation wreaked by an earthquake is not simply connected to its strength. A tremor of magnitude 8 hit northern Japan last September - the strongest anywhere in the world in recent years. But because its epicentre was far offshore, and because the quake hit hardest in under-populated areas, it caused no fatalities and only seriously injured a handful of people.
Likewise, the first of a string of quakes to shake Niigata this weekend was a sizeable 6.8 magnitude. These tremors killed at least 25 people, but deaths could have run into the thousands if their focus had been in a built-up area - Niigata is largely rural.
The 1995 Kobe quake was only slightly stronger. But it was so devastating because its epicentre was only 20km from a city of 1.5 million people.
Annual drill
The urban density of Tokyo - home to more than 12 million people crammed into an area of just over 2,000 sq-km - therefore puts it at great risk.
A government earthquake panel said in August that there was a 70% chance of a quak
What things can i do to make my chinchilla's playtime more fun and stimulating for him?
pet_lova
I let him out every night for about a half an hour, in my room. And he usually just runs around and hides under the furniture and explores. Is that good enough for him, or do you think he gets bored? If so, what should i do to make his playtime more fun? He doesn't like me going near him when he's playing, so i can't really interact WITH him to make it more fun...
Also, can chinchilla's be potty trained?
Answer
First of all, to get him to come to you more, try this - Offer him a raisin (or whatever treat he seems to prefer the most) in your open palm. Every day, move the raisin further and further up your arm so that he has to climb on you to get to the raisin. This will help him learn to trust you and realize that you're not something to fear.
For potty training - Chinchillas can be trained to urinate in the same place, however it might not be 100%. I've never trained mine to use a litter box, but I have noticed that they tend to pee in the same spot. To potty train your chinchilla, watch for a few days to see where his/her "spot" is. Once you find their spot, place some of the soiled bedding in something that you plan on using as their litter box (the book I have suggests using a ceramic crock) and place the litter box in the spot they've been using. Your chin should catch on and start using the dish to urinate in. Once he/she is reliably using the dish, you can switch over to cat litter (without odor control additives) or another kind of organic litter. You can also try moving the litter box/dish to an area of the cage that suits you. However, if they stop using it, you'll have to move it back to the chin's preferred spot. Remember, they aren't like cats, so they might not use the litter box/dish 100% of the time and they most likely will not use it to poop in (they like to poop when and where they feel like it, so don't expect them to do that in the box).
Outside cage time - If you can, try to give him at least an hour of time out of his cage. They really need a whole hour at the very least, more is even better. If you absolutely cannot get him out of his cage more, then at least buy a chinchilla safe exercise wheel for in his cage so he has something to do when he's bored in the cage. As for making playtime more enjoyable, a chinchilla's idea of fun is climbing and jumping. My dad made a simple "climbing tree" for my chins using some pine wood. It's basically just a post with a base a shelves coming out of the post. Mine love jumping from ledge to ledge on it. I also have some heavy cardboard tubes they like to run through. I'm not sure where exactly you can find them (my dad got them from his work), but try Staples, OfficeMax, or another store like that. Basically anything you can think of that they could climb or jump on would be good. But don't get/make anything to tall, you don't want them to fall from the top and hurt themselves. I also have this rope ladder-like thing - it's a rope ladder that runs horizontal between two bricks. They jump on the brick, go across the ladder, and then jump off the other brick. Use your imagination - look online for more ideas. There's a lot of things you can make for them that they'd enjoy, just remember - they love to climb and jump. Make the things out of pine wood and all of their "toys" will double as chew things, too. If you can afford it, I also recommend another chin - mine spend a lot of time chasing after and playing with each other and they're quite comical when they're together!
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